職稱英語考試基礎詞匯重點解析
職稱英語考試基礎詞匯重點解析五
連詞,代詞及冠詞的語能及復習要點
相關背景知識介紹:
e.g. Where (…的地方)there’s a will(意志)there’s a way(道路). /有志者事竟成。(there be/存在句型)
(2004年綜合閱讀判斷試題)
(from Riches and R omance from France’s Wine Harvest)
(Riches (rich + es) 財富,財寶; e.g. the riches of knowledge 知識的寶庫。)
Traditionally, people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice. Nowadays, this practice is usually carried out by machines.
used to: 過去常?!?
take off:脫掉,起飛;
bare:裸的,裸體的;無遮蔽的;
carry out:開展;貫徹,實行,執(zhí)行
their –people;
this (practice) -- take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice
小結:
1. 代詞通常前指,指代前文中出現的內容。
2. 在確認代詞的指代對象時,要注意該代詞所在的結構在其所在句子中具有的含義。e.g. their (shoes) – people; their (feet) – people; this (practice) -- take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice
3. 同一句中, 相鄰句中同一代詞的指代內容一致;e.g. people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out
在2003年綜合類C級別的閱讀理解文章中,在2003年理工類C級閱讀理解的文章中都“不約而同”地在閱讀文章中對代詞的指代內容和冠詞的指代內容進行“直接”的考察,現在職稱英語考試已經基本上不對不定冠詞進行考察了,對于不定冠詞a/an,只需要有這樣的認識:它們與可數名詞連用,表示種類或者數量上的單數。如:
e.g. I am a student. 我是學生。(a student表示“類別”)
e.g. A man left a message to you. (a man(一個人)和a message(一條信息)都是表示單數的概念。)
(from New Foods and the New world) 綜合類C
New foods: foods 是物質名詞, 物質名詞的前面不出現冠詞;
the New world 是由普通名詞構成的專有名詞, 特指美國的北部,中部和南部地區(qū)。
32. “Some” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to
A. some cocoa trees
B. some chocolate drinks
C. some shops
D. some South American Indians
問題問及代詞some在句中的指代內容。 首先找到這個詞所在的句子:相關語句:In London, shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today.
C. 解題線索:搭配結構:exist可以與前三個選項形成“通順”的搭配結構,前句中可能與some形成呼應的復數名詞有: shops, chocolate drinks, meeting places。 接下來有兩個確認答案的方法:1。借助句意;2。借助前后句之間在時態(tài)上的特點: 從時態(tài)上看:過去時態(tài)和現在時態(tài)的對比正好說明了“shops”過去和現在的不同)。借助這兩個方法都可以確認C(一些商店)是答案。
2003年理工C閱讀理解的一道考題:
(London’s First Light Rail System)
43. “This line ” in paragraph 3 refers to
A. the line from the Tower Gateway Station to Poplar
B. the line from Poplar to Island Gardens
C. the Millwall Extension Railway
D. the line from Poplar to Stratford
相關語句:From Poplar to Island Gardens, a new line crosses high above the dock waters, and then joins the old track of the Millwall Extension Railway, built to service the Millwall Docks (1868) and to provide transport for workers in the local factories. This line was horse-drawn for part of its route, until the 1880s.
C. 首先找到“This line ”所在的句子,根據代詞前指的特點,判斷只有B和C可能成為答案(前文中只出現了與B和C呼應的內容)。 the line所在的句子在內容上是在描述“在1880s以前the line(那條鐵路)的情況”, 所以我們要選擇的答案應該是一條早已經存在了的鐵路,因此判斷答案是C(原文內容表明the line from Poplar to Island Gardens是一條新鐵路, 所以不是答案)
線索:時態(tài)。
在職稱英語中對連詞和代詞的考察主要出現在文章閱讀中,就題型而言主要在完型填空,補全短文,閱讀理解這樣的題型中涉及到。而對冠詞的考察主要是在補全短文和閱讀理解這樣的題型中出現。而實際上考題中大都是間接或直接地在對這幾種詞類進行考察。連詞的考察一般直接出現在完型填空題和對文章句意的理解上;代詞的出現表明該詞與其所在句子的前句或后句之間指代關系,在代詞的學習中一定要形成代詞大都是前指的概念。如:看見that就應該知道該詞是前指 --指代前文/剛才提到的內容,如:That is what he told me./那就是他所告訴我的話; After that he left./隨后他就離開了。而 this可能是后指也可能是前指(絕大多數情況下是前指)。其作后指用是是指代下文或即將談到的內容,如: Don't laugh when you hear this./聽了這個你不要笑。
生活英語常用句:
初次見面:(在彼此獲知對方的名字之后,就可以接著說:)
1)--- Hello, nice/pleased to meet you. /--- Nice/pleased to meet you, too.
2)---How are you? /---Fine, thanks. And you?
3)---How do you do?/---How do you do?
連詞(conj.)
連詞主要在分句之間起邏輯連接作用。該詞類的考察可能會出現在文章閱讀中(間接考察)和完型填空題(直接考察)中。在完型填空題中有時會有1-3個題涉及到連詞的選擇。在復習中可以主要注意這幾個常用的連詞:and, but, while, when, because, though, although, if, as, as if, as though, as long as, as soon as, since(可以引導時間狀語從句,表示“自從”,引導原因狀語從句,翻譯成“因為”) 。
and“(表示并列或對稱關系〕及,和,與,同;又,兼” e.g. a man and a woman;
比較:e.g. a statesman and writer 政治家兼作家 (一般性了解)
比較: e.g. my mother and I 我和我的母親
“〔表示結果〕然后”e.g. The sun came out and the grasses dried. 日出草干 (考點)
“(用于連接行為動詞,表示動作之間的先后順序〕” e.g. Try and (= try to) do 試著做一做 / e.g. Go and(= go to) see 去看看吧 (考點)
but“但是,可是,然而”e.g. He is rich, but (he is) not happy. 他有錢但是不幸福。not…but…(不是…而是…)(考點) e.g. He is not a soldier but a sailor. /他不是陸軍而是海軍)
“只能,不得不” (考點)e.g. They had no other choice but [to] surrender. 他們別無選擇,只能投降。e.g. I can not but admire his courage. 我不得不佩服他的勇敢
e.g. This letter is nothing but an insult. 這封信完全是一種侮辱。 (〔加強語氣〕簡直,的確) (考點)
“除(某人)以外,除了(某人)”e.g. No one replied but me. 除了我,沒有別人回答。(考點)
1. ___ he saw both surprised and frighten him.
A. When B. That C. What D. whom
主語從句。答案為C??崭袼诘慕Y構是主語從句,及物動詞saw需要賓語。
提示:that在名詞性的從句中只具有語能, 不能在從句中充當任何成分。
2. Tell me ___ you admired most?
A. when B. why C. whom D. that
賓語從句。答案為C。空格所在的結構在句子中作動詞Tell的賓語,空格所在成分在句子中也充當賓語(admire的賓語)。
(A Pay Rise or Not?)綜合類B/C級閱讀判斷文章
"Unless I get a rise(條件狀語從句), I'll have a talk with the boss, Henry Manley," George Strong said to himself. George liked his job and he liked the town he lived in, but (并列分句)his wife kept telling him that (賓語從句)his pay was not enough to meet the needs of the family. That was why (表語從句)he was thinking of taking a job in Birmingham, a nearby city about 50 miles away. He had been offered a job in a factory there, and the pay was far better.
代詞(pron.)
代詞指it, he, their, theirs之類的詞,用來代替意思更確切的名詞或名詞短語,如:
it 指代:e.g. weather, time, a pen, a baby
he 指代:e.g. Tom
their指代:e.g. Tom and Mary’s
theirs指代:e.g. Tom and Mary’s car
代詞中包括限定詞需要掌握的有:both, all, either,neither ,這些限定指代范圍的詞在詞義上包含了后面省去了的名詞的含義。
both:“兩者,二者,雙方”
e.g. Which bottle would you like? --- I’ll take both.(both指的是both bottles, 在這里用作代詞。)。
e.g. I don't know both(e.g. people). 我不是兩個人都認識〔只認識其中之一〕。(考點: 部分否定結構)
either:“兩者中的任何一個”
e.g. Either will do. (他們)隨便哪個都行.
all:“全部,全體,一切”
e.g. All (e.g. people)are agreed. 全體贊成。
e.g. Not all lawyers have large incomes.不是所有的律師都收入高。(考點: 部分否定結構)
補充:
large: (體積,空間,數量,規(guī)模等)大的,巨大的
a large family 多子女的家庭;/ a large population 人口眾多。/ a large merchant 巨商。
neither: “兩者中無…,兩者都不…”
e.g. I like neither. 我兩個都不喜歡。
人稱代詞在句中可充當主語和賓語。作主語時用主格,作賓語時用賓格
e.g.She doesn’t believe us.
e.g.They are always making jokes about me.
物主代詞分為名詞性的物主代詞和形容詞性的物主代詞。名詞性的物主代詞指的是名詞性屬格代詞,如:mine, yours等。名詞性的物主代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,可作主語,主語補語,賓語,同位語等,如:
e.g.Theirs is the only house here that is being painted.
e.g.I’ll do my work and you do yours.
形容詞性的物主代詞在句子中充當形容詞的語能, 對其后面的名詞進行所屬范圍的限定,如:
e.g. Well, that isn't our business. 可是,那事跟我們不相干。
business: 事務,業(yè)務;事
e.g. What line of business are you in? 你是干什么的?My business is.../我從事...; It is none of your business. 不關你事,別管閑事; Business before pleasure. 正事要緊 )
反身代詞即人稱代詞的反身形式。如myself, yourself等。反身代詞可在句中作同位語(強調),賓語,主語補語等。以myself為例:
賓語:I bought myself a new car./我為自己買了一輛新車
用于強調:I myself was certain of the facts./我自己對事實確信無疑
主語補語:I'm feeling myself again./我又恢復了健康
英語人稱代詞一覽表:
人稱代詞主格 | I | We | You | He | She | It | They |
人稱代詞賓格 | Me | Us | You | Him | Her | It | Them |
形容詞性物主代詞 | My | Our | Your | His | Her | Its | Their |
名詞性物主代詞 | Mine | Ours | Yours | His | Hers | Its | Theirs |
反身代詞 | Myself | Ourselves | Yourself | himself | Herself | Itself | Themselves |
代詞的考察在職稱英語中主要是 “在閱讀題中要求考生判斷文章中代詞所指代的內容”和“完型填空題中要求考生借助上下文判斷空格處應該出現什么代詞”這兩種形式。
而對指示代詞this, that, these, those的考察也在閱讀中時有出現,如:綜合類閱讀理解練習題“The Gene Industry”一文中第4道“西特勒試圖作什么”的答案需要借助原文:“Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race"? (Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories.)”。 “this”指代特性是正確解答該題的關鍵——this作代詞時往往指代前一句中的整句內容(we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race)。
eliminate 除去,消滅
inferior (質量等)低劣的,次的(e.g. Woman is inferior to man in running. 婦女跑不過男子;e.g. inferior goods 低檔貨)
其他必須掌握的代詞:
Other: “另外一個;〔pl.〕別的東西,別的人”
e.g. Do good to others. 對他人做好事。
e.g. each other 互相 (考點)
e.g. know/tell one from the other 把二者分別清楚 (考點)
e.g. one after the other 一個接一個地(考點)
e.g. one ... the other 一方面是…,另一方面是…(考點)
same: “同一事[物];〔古語〕同一人〔??刹挥?the〕”
e.g. We like the same(book)./我們喜歡同樣的東西。
So: “這樣”〔用作 say, call, speak, tell, think, hope, expect, suppose, imagine, fear, hear, do 等動詞的賓詞〕。 (考點)
e.g. I think so. 我想是這樣。 e.g. I suppose so.=So I suppose. 我想大概是那樣。
Such: “這樣的人[物]〔通常指復數〕”
e.g. I dislike such. 我不歡喜那種東西。
英語小知識:怎樣開始談話?
在跟外國人見面的時候首先和他們談論天氣,比如, 北京最近天氣十分寒冷, 所以在見面的時候可以說:
It is very cold, isn’t it?
Terrible weather, isn’t it?
而對方的回答通常是表示贊同, 如:可以簡單的說:
Yes, it is.
或者:Yes, I feel freezing cold.
或者:Yes, I wish such weather would be over soon.
冠詞(定冠詞,不定冠詞)(art.)
冠詞任何用于引導名詞并說明其用法的詞。英語中,不定冠詞是 a和 an,定冠詞是 the。冠詞也是語能詞,不能在句子中獨立使用。
在復習中對冠詞主要要形成這樣的概念:定冠詞是表示“特指”,通常我們把該詞翻譯成“那個”-- 指代前文出現過的或談話雙方都知道的某個特定的人/物,如:the girl in the blue dress/那個穿著藍衣服的女孩。冠詞的考察在完型填空題中幾乎了,但我們在英語學習中還是應該對冠詞有所了解,知道定冠詞的指代內容,了解定冠詞和不定冠詞的搭配使用特點。如:by air/by sea/by bus/ by train/by bike, at school/ at college/ at home/ at work, in bed, on TV (對比:on the radio), from morning till night, etc。
另外,我們需要了解的是雖然人名,地名等專有名詞前一般不用冠詞,但在海洋,河流,山脈,群島以及含有普通名詞的專有名詞前一般加定冠詞,如:the pacific, the People's Republic of China, the World Trade Organization。 抽象名詞和物質名詞表示一般概念時,前面通常不用冠詞,但特指時,則一般要加冠詞。比較:Scientific research requires patience(指“耐心”這個概念); I admire the patience of research workers.(特指“科學工作者的耐心”)
對于定冠詞的考點就是考察帶定冠詞的詞語在文章中指代哪個具體的人或物。比如,在2002年綜合類C級的閱讀理解題(第3篇閱讀文章)中就出現了問“the world”指代哪個代詞。遇到這樣的考題首先我們要大體弄懂定冠詞限定的詞語所在句子的句意,并借助句意和其搭配結構判斷定冠詞所限定的詞語的具體含義,有時我們還得借助上下文的句意才能做出詞義的確認。我們還是來看看該題是如何解答的:
The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty for water. This may seems strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earth's surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea-water, or salt water, man can only drink and use the other 3% - the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of iceberg..
Question:
The phrase "the world "in the first line of the passage refers to___?
A. you B. man C. woman D. they
答案B。首先考慮"the world "所在句子的句意 -- “世界”不僅饑餓,而且渴望水。依據該句意,對比被選項,首先排除A(你/你們)和D(他們), 因此從我們的語言表達習慣上來說, 我們不把“你/你們”和“他們”稱為世界,所以初步判定答案來自B或C。借助上下文: 文章接著說“這 (“世界”不僅饑餓,而且渴望水)可能對你看起來有些奇怪,因為75%左右的地球表面被水覆蓋著。”,接著“man(人類)”一詞就出現了,該句說“人類只能飲用和使用其余的3%。?!?,根據該句句意在結合"the world "所在句子的句意綜合判斷"the world "應該指代人類。
考點:定冠詞結構的指代內容,man還有“人類”的含義。
對于不定慣詞我們需要了解的是a(an)一般用于可數名詞之前(a 用在第*個字母發(fā)音為輔音的單數可數名詞前;而 an則用在第*個字母發(fā)音為元音的單數可數名詞前。),它們泛指“一(個)”,或加在可數名詞前表示一類人或事物。在復習值得我們注意的涉及到不定冠詞的固定詞組有:on a basis of /以。。為基礎, have a headache/頭疼, get a cold/感冒, be a pity/遺憾, make a living/謀生, on an average/平均, with a view of/ 以。。為目的,go for a walk/ take a walk/散步, make an investment in 投資, have [take] a (good) look at (仔細)看一看